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Permanent residence, sponsored or on your own points

Four subclasses, two philosophies. Either someone backs your application and hands you extra points, or your score stands unassisted. Which one suits you is a maths question before it is a preference.

The fork in the road

Sponsored or independent

Sponsorship is not a lesser route. It is extra points, and points are the whole game. The trade is that you accept a condition on where you live.

Sponsored

Someone nominates you

A state or territory government nominates you, or an eligible relative sponsors you into a regional area. Either way your score goes up and your application becomes competitive at a level it would not reach alone.

  • 190 adds five points, permanent from grant
  • 491 adds fifteen points, provisional for five years
  • 191 turns a completed 491 into permanent residence

The cost is commitment. You are expected to live in the nominating state, and on a 491 you must live and work in a designated regional area.

Independent

Your score stands alone

No employer, no state, no relative. You are invited on your points against everyone else in the pool for your occupation, and you settle wherever you like.

  • 189 is permanent from grant
  • No condition on where you live or work
  • No obligation to any state or employer

The cost is the bar. Without nomination points, 189 invitation scores for popular occupations sit well above the minimum, and some occupations are effectively closed.

The points test

Sixty five points gets you into the pool, not out of it

Sixty five is the minimum to submit an expression of interest. It is not the score that gets invited. For competitive occupations the invitation cut off runs considerably higher, which is why the honest first question is always what your real score is.

Age

Peaks in your late twenties and early thirties, then falls away. The single factor you cannot improve.

English

The gap between competent and superior English is worth twenty points. Usually the fastest score to move.

Experience

Skilled employment inside and outside Australia, counted separately and capped when combined.

Qualifications

Recognised degrees, Australian study, specialist qualifications, professional year and partner skills all add up.

189

Skilled Independent

No sponsor needed

Permanent residence with nobody standing behind the application. You submit an expression of interest, and if you are invited you apply.

Requirements

  • An occupation on the relevant skilled occupation list
  • A positive skills assessment from the assessing authority for that occupation
  • Under 45 at the time of invitation
  • Competent English as a minimum, though more points come with higher scores
  • At least the minimum points score, and realistically well above it
  • Health and character requirements met

What you get

  • Permanent residence for you and your family from grant
  • Freedom to live, work and study anywhere in Australia
  • Medicare and access to government services
  • A pathway to citizenship once residence requirements are met
190

Skilled Nominated

State nominated

The same permanent outcome as 189, reached with five extra points because a state or territory has nominated you.

How nomination works

Each state and territory publishes its own occupation list and its own criteria, and they change during the year as places are used up. An occupation closed in one state may be open in another, which is a large part of what we do at the strategy stage.

  • Five additional points toward your score
  • Permanent residence from the day it is granted
  • You are expected to live and work in the nominating state or territory
  • Some states require a job offer, work experience in the state, or prior study there
  • Occupation lists and criteria differ by state and change without notice
491

Skilled Work Regional

State or family sponsored

Fifteen points, the largest nomination boost available, in exchange for committing to regional Australia for five years.

Two ways in

  • Nomination by a state or territory government, or
  • Sponsorship by an eligible relative already living in a designated regional area

What it involves

  • A provisional visa valid for five years
  • You live, work and study only in a designated regional area
  • Full work rights for you and your partner
  • Access to Medicare during the visa
  • A pathway to permanent residence through subclass 191
"Regional" is broader than most people assume. For these visas the designated regional area covers everywhere in Australia except Sydney, Melbourne and Brisbane. Perth, Adelaide, Canberra, the Gold Coast, Hobart, Newcastle and Wollongong all count. If regional Australia sounded like a deal breaker, it is worth checking the actual definition before you rule it out.
191

Permanent Residence (Skilled Regional)

The conversion visa. It exists for one purpose: to turn a completed regional provisional visa into permanent residence.

Who it is for

  • Holders of a subclass 491 or subclass 494 visa
  • Who have held that visa for at least three years
  • Who have met the minimum taxable income requirement for at least three years
  • Who have complied with the conditions of the provisional visa throughout

There is no points test and no new skills assessment. The work was done during the provisional years, which is why keeping clean tax records and staying inside the designated area matters from day one rather than in year three.

A regional Australian coastal town at dusk, lit streets running down to a marina
Subclass 494 holders reach 191 by the same route.

Side by side

The four compared

General guidance only. Requirements are set by the Australian Government and change without notice.
Subclass Sponsor Status Extra points Where you live
189 Skilled Independent None Permanent Anywhere
190 Skilled Nominated State or territory Permanent 5 Nominating state
491 Skilled Work Regional State or eligible relative Provisional, 5 years 15 Designated regional area
191 Skilled Regional Not applicable Permanent Anywhere, once granted

PR questions

What people ask us

Is 65 points enough?

It is enough to submit an expression of interest. It is rarely enough to be invited. Invitation cut offs move with demand for your occupation, and for popular occupations they run well above the minimum.

This is exactly why nomination matters. Five points from a 190, or fifteen from a 491, can move a stalled profile into invitation range without you changing anything else.

Can I apply for more than one at the same time?

Yes. A single expression of interest in SkillSelect can indicate interest in 189, 190 and 491 together, and you can approach states for nomination while your independent profile sits in the pool. We normally run parallel routes rather than betting on one.

What happens if I leave the regional area on a 491?

You risk breaching your visa conditions, and you put the subclass 191 pathway at risk. The three qualifying years require both residence in the designated area and the minimum taxable income. Speak to us before you move, not after.

Does a 482 lead to these visas?

A 482 leads most directly to subclass 186 permanent residence through your employer. That said, time working in Australia on a 482 earns points for skilled employment, so it can also lift your score for 189, 190 and 491.

Many of our clients end up choosing between the employer route and the points route once they have Australian experience behind them. See the work visa pathways.

Do I need a job offer for PR?

Not for 189 or 491. Not usually for 190, although some state nomination streams require a job offer or current employment in the state. The requirement sits with the state, not with the visa itself.

How long until citizenship?

Citizenship has its own residence requirements, which are separate from the visa. Time spent on a provisional visa such as a 491 is treated differently from time as a permanent resident, so the clock does not simply start when you arrive. We explain how your specific timeline works at the strategy stage.

No cost, no obligation

Find out what you actually score

Send us your age, occupation, qualifications, English results and work history. We will calculate your points and tell you which of the four routes is realistic.

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